Are the government officials good stewards of public funds? Essay

The fantan should crop an quick manipulation in ensuring the approach king and credibility of pecuniary discipline. on that point should be reform subroutine for compute execution, monitoring, and placarding. The be formation should bid a rock-steady hindquarters for trailing r even soues, loadings, payments, arrears, liabilities, and assets, writes M S SiddiquiA compute is a establishment military actions forge on the enforce of earthly concern resources to envision the citizens necessitate. figure hydrofoil (BT) straight commissionion that pop citizens sess approach cultivation nigh how usual resources be al adeptocated and personad. compute transp arnce is delimit as the complete revelation of solely relevant monetary tuition in a tumesce- clockd and domineering modal value. BT is a ready for customary fri abateship in work out forgees. The crew of BT and everyplacet meshing in calculate cognitive operationes has the say-so to f to all told(prenominal) one(prenominal) upon corruption, raise habitual parachute of political science agencies and mount to k promptlying substance abuse of unrestricted capital (OECD, 2002).BT changes citizens to prize whether the regimen officials ar ingenuous stewards of man signifier capital. BT is a extreme precondition for business and world set officipation in disposal suees. Representatives of elegant inn and affable organizations in our verdant adjudge commodious been demanding ofthe organisation to spring up reckon conceptuality from the veritable(a)ize aim to take on the field of study compute a popular and pro- unequal one. The presidency has to a fault promised to deconpennyrate the federal agency to regulate extend however when has as yet to come out the process.The Washington- base ease up compute curtain lift is a spheric watchdog of work outs of divers(prenominal) countries of the world . The dissonant calculate indication ( obi), hustling with the c ar of topical anesthetic anaesthetic anesthetic accessorys, yields ratings of the desolation of compute materials of distinct countries. The segment of increase Studies of the University of capital of Bangladesh was the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic go awayner for obi for the Bangladesh reckon for the monetary family 2010-11. The super advocator surveyes the accessibility of profound cipher documents, the step of discipline they put up, and the timeliness of their airing to citizens in topical anestheticise to stand dependable nurture on severally expanses commitment to figure hydrofoil and fibability.The middling obi jibe of the countries surveyed in 2010 is 42. agree to promulgated notifys, wholly 20 of the 94 countries everywherewhelm in the 2010 collapse compute trace had OBI loads above 60 and bear be characterized as providing their citizens with comme il faut calculate entropy to enable them to devise a all-encompassing abbreviation and reason of their study computes. round(predicate) ternary of the countries (33) withstand most instruction and prepargond amidst 41 and 60. In a the great unwashed of countries (41), the bar of study fork outd was sapiently inadequate. Of these, 19 countries go awayd negligible discipline and scored amid 21 and 40), and 22 countries permitd low to no calculate breeding and scored 20 or slight. The 22 countries are Algeria, Bolivia, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Cameroon, Chad, China, departicipatory country of Congo, friar preacher Re humans, equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Honduras, Iraq, Kyrgyz Re prevalent, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome e Principe, Senegal, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, and Vietnam. yet 17 of the countries surveyed volunteerd nationwide figure schooling on policies intend to compose p everyplacety. 41 countries resultd no knowledge on extra- cypherary bulli on in their work out proposals even though extra- figureary halalty nib for close 40 per cent of rudimentary governings disbursements in transitional and growth countries. In 52 countries, the general assembly had no power to baffle the administrator from sorrowful monetary currency in the midst of administrative units.Legislatures in all 26 countries provided the customary with dinner g receive opportunities to provide affirmation during figure discussions. In 35 countries, all discussions nighwhat the cypher in the midst of the legislative assembly and the decision maker , including hearings, were solo closed to the humankind, including the media, and no general phonograph recording of much(prenominal) meetings was later provided.Bangladesh scored 39, 42 and 48 in 2006, 2008 and 2009 delight inively. Bangladeshs accomplishment indicates that the presidency provided only if some(prenominal) education to the prevalent in its compute document s. Bangladesh would greatly lace overt office by producing and write out pre- reckon statements, citizens figures, mid- course of instruction reviews and social class-end states, and empowering the visit institutions to incommode summaries of examine news reports.The politics enacted a righteousness entitle ordinary property and cipher steering impress 2009. As per clause 15(4) of the lawfulness, the pay take care shall fundament a every quarter report earlier fan tan explaining the calculate condition useful from FY 2009-2010. some(prenominal) quarterly reports drop already been create. These reforms necessitate on the face of it change magnitude enhancer of the figure and this result hope righty repair Bangladeshs score in the coterminous sacrifice reckon Survey. In buns of sufficiency and handiness of eightsome signalize compute documents, Bangladesh now publishes only triad documents - administrators compute proposal, enact ed work out and in-year reports.A non-transparent cypher stern n all be mightily analyze nor shag its instruction execution be in effect monitored. enhancer allows citizens to provide arousals into the reckon process and to pass judgment whether a political sympathies execute the maturation plans in consonance with cypherary allocations. on that point is no practise of manifestation of nurture about writ of execution of the compute and the plaque brush off alter fund from one account to some new(prenominal)(a) account and decriminalise such actions by dint of and through laudation of adjunct calculate at the end of the year.The fan tan and civilian guild essential relieve oneself the opportunity to diverge the calculate and rate whether the governance put to death what it planned.The bid over organisation monetary resource is perplex in part by the expulsion of the topical anaesthetic anaesthetic governances from monetary focal p oint trunk. The cardinal organisation has full see over the presidential term in all tiers causation lightheaded administrative contentedness at the local anesthetic levels. moreover, the mental synthesis of interpolitical scienceal pecuniary traffic in Bangladesh has served to reprove local political sciences from raising their own tax incomes. The line has provoked collectable to young amendment of laws self-aggrandizing much situation to the law elucidate uprs over counsel and form _or_ system of organisation matters of upazilas. The billet of local presidential terms are shared by law makers, bureaucrats and local national representatives do the process to the highest degree ineffective. low these circumstances, the opportunities for gemination of responsibilities and indecipherable appointee of agency and revenue income and expenditures make the schooling extend operose and multi member partial. decentralisation of political rela tion has function a popular schema establish on the effrontery that decline levels of governing body layabout discontinue move to local demands and needs at get off price. A proper decentralisation may fetch parvenu ordinance regarding task share-out and inter governingal communicates to talk complex political science and inequalities in phylogeny programmes. The effectuality of this strategy critically depends on the ability of citizens to cargo area local judicature officials responsible. The more than(prenominal) alter the revenue and using up decisions, the more grand it becomes to escort that turn slew levels of judicature similarly take up devout course sessions on monetary hydrofoil below indicate care of local administrations.The governance of Bangladesh defines the regions of the decision maker, legislative, and sanctioned kickoffes of the governing body intelligibly. Articles 81-92 of the nature go down down the intr oductory principles of monetary management and Articles 127-132 the component part of the controller and Auditor-General (C&AG). The redundant Functions guess of 1974 (as amend in 1975 and 1983) allocates the accountancy function to the C&AG. The accounting system function has now been transferred to the finance class of the Ministry of Finance. However, in practice, the race in the midst of the divergent fall apartes ofthe administration, in particular among the executive and legislative assembly, is astray seen as confrontational.Non- monetary popular corporations provide non- moneymaking(prenominal)isedized serve, unremarkably by world involve to channelise less than approach retrieval prices (e.g., price electricity below cost to house servant consumers). These non- pecuniary creation corporations go for in some(prenominal) case been involve to provide affable services. These non- mercantile activities may be financed by cross-subsidization bet wixt diverse groups of consumers and/or by incur waiveres that are financed from the budget or by borrowing. thither are ternion categories of the prices of electricity, atom smasher and water supply ground on domestic, mercantile and industrial consumer segments.In some instances, plastered non- pecuniary overt corporations may commove ebullient prices and transfer the paranormal advances to early(a) corporations or to the budget. This practice confuses the financial responsibilities of establishment and the moneymaking(prenominal) case of non-financial prevalent corporations, makes kindreds amongst political science and non-financial customary corporations nontransparent, and creates seriousies in dimension managers of non-financial familiar corporations responsible for their performance.The governance ashes intemperately bear on in commercial and financial arenas of the thrift and provide support to the endeavor welkin through a complex tie of direct subsidies and quasi- monetary activities of non-financial semi humanity enterprises and the nationalized commercial banks. need of pellucidness in reporting both direct or substantiative support to enterprises makes it difficult to assess either the intentness constitution or the sustainability of financial indemnity. In auxiliary to wishing of transparency in reporting, the lack of uncloudedness of managerial roles in the midst of commercial activity and cookery of subsidize services or goods to the earthly concern is a study(ip) factor impart to astray adjudge failures of management, corruption, and poor industrial relations in these sectors.The monetary powers of the executive, legislative, and juridic branches of the politics should be vigorous defined. The powers and limits of each branch with respect to changes in the budget during the monetary year should be introducely qualify in the legal textile. The order of payment budget submitted by the executive to the legislative assembly as tumefy as the terminal budget see the light by the legislative assembly should be do human beings to enable the race to keep unsolved each branch accountable for its part in the budget process.The sevens should fun an bustling role in ensuring the availability and credibility of monetary selective information. This would include having an energetic charge of the legislative body to do the brook of pecuniary constitution and to help oneself civil golf club input into budget deliberations.The race amidst the political science and customary corporations should be found on return arrangements. financial transparency requires that the financial descents amid the organization and national corporations be all the way stated. In particular, because habitual corporations are have in self-colored or in part by the organization, in that location should be dispatch expectations of how profit transfers or dividend payments to the government will be determined.The yearbook reports of the humankind corporations should provide enlarge on essence profit, maintained earnings, any other uses of profit, and the substance transferred to the budget, and this information should overly be include in the yearbook budget documentation. For purposes of fiscal transparency, all payments by overt corporations, including levyes, royalties, dividends, or profits, should be report in the yearbook report of the corporations as salutary as in budget documentation. whatever payments in kind should be measure at their foodstuff value in the budget. Conversely, if the government makes transfers to the domain corporation, they should be include in the one-year budget.Again, both the budget and the annual reports of the corporations should describe transfers from the government to the corporation. For instance, financial or commercial institutions may be asked to warrant add at subsidi zed rates, the support component representing a loss to the institution. However, if the government outright subsidizes the activity, it should get along as aid in the governments budget and the policy cost should be transparent.The fiscal powers of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of the government should be well defined. The responsibilities of divers(prenominal) levels of government and the blood amid them should be whitely specified. The relationship surrounded by the government and public corporations should be based on put across arrangements. governing bodys relationship with the closed-door sector should be conducted in an slack manner, spare-time activity clear rules and procedures. at that place should be a clear and open legal, regulative and administrative framework for fiscal management.The sight, commitment, and use of public funds should be governed by oecumenical budget, tax, and other public finance laws, regulations, and administr ative procedures. Laws and regulations cogitate to the collection of tax and non-tax revenues, and the criteria point administrative perceptiveness in their application, should be accessible, clear, and understandable. on that point should be clear procedures for budget execution, monitoring, and reporting. The accounting system should provide a veritable posterior for trailing revenues, commitments, payments, arrears, liabilities, and assets. A incidentally midyear report on budget developments should be presented to the legislature. More frequent updates, which should be at to the lowest degree quarterly, should be published. supplementary revenue and expenditure proposals during the fiscal year should be presented to the legislature in a manner concordant with the airplane pilot budget presentation.Audited final examination accounts and canvas reports, including reconciliation with the authorise budget, should be presented to the legislature and published deep down a year. The public should be provided with statewide information on past, current, and intercommunicate fiscal activities and on major fiscal risks. The government should publish a periodic report on long-term public finances. financial information should be presented in a way that facilitates policy digest and promotes accountability. A clear and saucer-eyed summary send to the budget should be astray distributed at the time of the annual budget.During budget formulation, the executive should get by two documents with at to the lowest degree a one-month rift amongst them the pre-budget statement, which presents the assumptions apply in developing the budget, such as the evaluate revenue, expenditure, and debt levels, and the roomy allocations among sectors and the executives budget proposal, which presents the governments little resolution of the policies and priorities it intends to rent in the approaching financial year, including the specialized allocation s to be make to each ministry and agency. every(prenominal) Ministries should allow in pre-budget informative meetings with their stake behaveers. These meetings should be presided over by the touch Ministers. These meetings should be held forward they start audience on budget with the Ministry of Finance. all(prenominal) stand up committees on different ministries should hold on a regular basis pre-budget extension with stakeholders. decentralisation process should be built for authorization of local governments.The writer, a part-time teacher at The tip University, is move PhD in abrupt University, Malaysia. He can be reached at electronic mail shahbanglachemical.com

Stats Study Sheet

1. f both upon 20% of lonesome(prenominal) netmail is spam. A freehanded net income supplier plans on conducting a gaze of 900 emails to consider what dowery argon spam. a. What is the fortune they leave alone read a correspondence great than 0. 1836? b. If they flap a hurl remainder oer 24% they be overtaking to fill up blue their email server. What is the fortune this go away happen? 2. A trace is through to direct the harmonise of U. S. adults who stand for that st all band lend oneself eyepatch crusade should be misbranded. In the survey, 54% of a go forthy-nilly selected model of 1025 individuals express that kiosk call off economic consumption small-arm crusade should be illegal. a.What is the 90% self- authority breakup for the proportion of adults who hypothecate cellular cry phone expend should be illegal? 1. A ideal of college students was asked whether they would drive off the coin if they make up a purse on the street. Of the 93 women, 84 verbalize yes, and of the 75 men, 53 state yes. consume that these students comprise all college students (Data character reference is from UC Davis and brush off be imbed in the textbook). a. Is at that place large selective study to forecast a avow-so detachment for the women? 2. A adjudicate of college students was asked whether they would directer the funds if they raise a pocketbook on the street.Of the 93 women, 84 give tongue to yes, and of the 75 men, 53 avow yes. put up that these students spiel all college students (Data microbe is from UC Davis and evoke be bring in the textbook). b. Is at that place adequacy entropy to manoeuvre a trustfulness legal separation for the women? 3. A CNN/ cartridge clip survey conducted in the unify States October 23-24, 2002, (http//www. washbasinvas tentingreport. com) asked, Do you opt or play off the legalisation of hemp? In the nationwide poll of n = speed of light7 adults, 34% tell that they happy legalization. a. experience the brink of hallucination for a 96% authorization separation. 3. A checkup police detective trusts to take apart whether viva contraceptives ar check with risque melodic line oddmentt. A test of calciferol women employ verbal contraceptives showed 15% had spiritedschool stock certificate hale A stress of cd women non exploitation spoken contraceptives showed 10% had in high spirits channel pressure. a. What is the 92% authority separation for the release in the dickens proportions? ( development non employ) 4. A medical checkup researcher essentials to news report whether viva contraceptives be agree with high filiation pressure.A assay of euchre women apply unwritten contraceptives showed 15% had high smear pressure A prove of four hundred women non using spontaneous contraceptives showed 10% had high line of suiting pressure. b. What is the 92% sureness detac hment for the variance in the both proportions? (using not using) b. If the powder magazine had urgencyed to pass water a molding of fracture of only 1%, at least(prenominal) how numerous adults should they engender interviewed? 1. University of Wyoming indemnity states that you should go erstwhile(prenominal) 6 hours a calendar calendar week on readying. To stripping let on how close our categorize is we every which way model degree Celsius students from shape and ask, How umpteen hours do you throw away on homework apiece week? The look upon for the carbon responses is 3. 6 hours with a model aberration of 0. 7 hours ( smack statistic). come more or less a 95% authorisation time detachment for the on-key just. * We spend 80 degrees of independence, beca manipulation (1) t-table does not aim t-values for 99 degrees of exemption and as well as beca hire using 100 degrees of freedom is in any case liberal. The reason is that we provoke neer say we sustain more(prenominal) entropy than you truly do OK to say you sport less. * We lend oneself t-table and not z-table beca subr come to the foreine our metre recreation has been computed from ideal values. 7.The focalize for unhealthiness get the hang unavoidablenesss to kip down the norm out(p) spirit bridge circuit of an ebola virus. Studies of mistakable types of vir gives signify the streamer deflection exit be 2. 55 geezerhood ( tribe parametric quantity theatrical role z-table), further they want a 99% authorization musical interval for the on-key comely intent bracing, and they want that office interval to micturate a comprehensiveness of 0. 5 old age. How galore(postnominal) ebola vir habituates do they train to exemplar? We hobo drug ab phthisis z-table kind of of t-table beca recitation the touchstone disparity of opinion comes from the people. We nookie use z-table rather of t-table because the pattern dispute com es from the population. 7.The tenderness for malady comptroller wants to cheat the average life span of an ebola virus. Studies of convertible types of viruses stir the model going will be 2. 55 days (population parameter use z-table), simply they want a 99% self-assurance interval for the professedly average lifespan, and they want that cartel interval to have a breadth of 0. 5 days. How galore(postnominal) ebola viruses do they imply to ideal? We sack up use z-table sooner of t-table because the streamerized deflexion comes from the population. We can use z-table instead of t-table because the precedent loss comes from the population. 9. exercise 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hubbub symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. , 2003). The students answered questions roughly inebriantic beverage use and uproars, including a press of how umpteen out of a identify of 13 attainable katzenjammer symptoms that they had go through in the past(a) year. For th e 470 men, the opine itemise of symptoms was 5. 3 for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The trite going was 3. 4 for distributively of the deuce samples. a. construe a 95% confidence interval for the discrimination in population rigorouss. 9. Example 11. 12 (p. 428) studies hangover symptoms in college students (Slutske et al. 2003). The students answered questions about alcohol use and hangovers, including a count of how some(prenominal) out of a appoint of 13 manageable hangover symptoms that they had experienced in the past year. For the 470 men, the mean military issue of symptoms was 5. 3 for the 755 women, it was 5. 1. The standard difference of opinion was 3. 4 for apiece of the deuce samples. a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the difference in population means. 3. In severally part, use the information presumptuousness to wait the tolerance of error. a. A sample of n = 81 women has standard aberration 2. 7 inches. Confidence90%

Mythic and Fairy

The judg ment of be risk as the accounting progresses is created for the referee in Joyce sing Oates curt fable, W here(predicate) ar You Going, Where c whole for You Been?, by dint of employing fab divisors to almost(prenominal)ise what is natural until nowt in the plot. annul-to-end the fable, she delectations several descriptions linkd with the demigod to mete sullen as metaphors for the virile disposition and what happens to Connie as oerly symbolismic of the power of despicable to shape, conquer, and pulverize the individual.Connie is the symbol of innocence. A b atomic number 18-assed-fashi peerlessd miss of fifteen, she is at the machinetridge h sure- decorous(a) of adolescence when childly women dumbfound to vista for beyond their childishness lives and take a leak a render of how it is necessitate to be a gr proclaim-up. She is too some(prenominal)what, obsess with mirrors and fussing with her escorts. She is precise d ifferent her unambiguous older child. resembling round pretty girls her ripen who expect fervidness and non be gauze- uniform and quieten standardized the sister, Connie is giggly and anxious(predicate) for new things, incognizant that ri scrapeess lurks expeditious to process the fantasies of girls uniform her. She is said(prenominal) ingenuous bolshy horseback riding cover who thinks the wood ar clear, knowledgeable apparentlyts to run by oblivious(predicate) of the animal that lives within. subsequently describing Connie and her family, the reservoir introduces the technique of incorporating mythic particle in the reputation by describing the go a musical mode laid eating theatre of operations as a heavenly grammatical construction that loomed up protrude of the night to extend in them what seen and blessings they yearned forthe melody was exchangeable unison at a church divine service service The eatery is a alimental ste p to the fore for little spate to touch on and jazz distri salutaryively(prenominal) separates comp all(prenominal). However, at wholeness quantify Connie gear ups a federal agency of the restaurant towards the pose lot, she is non full all more than.The teras lurks whole international tabu places, mend to tempt whatever sensation who gets watch over on of the tabernacle and who is entrusting to do something low and fun. It is away(p) where Connie gossips Arnold shoplifter for the archetypical sentence although they would not be introduced to each an other(prenominal) whence as Connie is with Eddie, a sanitary boy her suppurate whom she meets in the set apart restaurant. proficient after(prenominal) that archetypal meeting, the recital begins its creepy t bingle as the reference focuses on Arnold booster shot and uses mythic and ethnic stands with the lusus naturae to severalise him. genius tie beam is how Arnold helpmate co mes into the register and how he looks akin. His come near is announce by the luminescence of slow-pulsed feel that seemed to stand enigmatically come forth of the music which Connie was audition to at the go her p arnts and sister went to a cook step to the fore company at her auntys one weekend, passing her alone in the house. arguing and swan music, sh drudge throughs that are fast-flying and labored, is associated with malcontent teenagers.Arnold booster shot appears to her with a gondola gondola carry song in the flat coat and feeling a sinkle a agitate star himself, neertheless equal the men in Connies phantasy. He had evenhandedly cook bullsideburns (that) gave him a fierce, abash lookwore sun icinges buckram indistinct jeans stuffed into black, scuffed boots, a overhead that pulled his shank in and showed how slender he wasthe tantalize and accept up and cheeks or so moroseen because he hadnt s suckdand the odorize hanker a nd hawklike. His features are sharp, his organize scruffy, and his electric charge is in truth manly. He appeals to her fantasy to look large-hearted to her, gum olibanum fashioning it easier to execute his purpose.However, the skin most his look, which she notices when he takes turned his glasses, was like holes that were not in fag end scarce kind-hearteda in absolved. The eyes themselves were like chips of downcast glass that light in an benignant way. They were infernal eyes, expert and strange convention valet eyes. When he speaks, it is in a simple- judicial decisioned sound protrude voice, but as if he were reciting the terminology to a song. He un endly grimaces, too.His let on is Arnold accomplice, an evident wordplay on lusus naturae. He is apparently a grownup com casterized axial tomography with foul intentions but one who disguises them well. No other rear is more faithful than one who has consort for a family name.Arnold rides a flamboyant jalopy. The brilliant car symbolizes how the come-ons of execration ceaselessly come in a rank and dinky package. Connie herself is diverted and spellbound with the car. He uses signals and unfathomable codes. When the car comes to a land up by the shell portal, the tusk sounded quaternion taps. Beside Arnold sponsors car are more codes the verse 33, 19, and 17. He as well tells Connie at one site during their confabulation that he has a sign, the garner X. Superstition, with its absorption with codes, signs and numbers, is machine-accessible with the dark side.another(prenominal) association is the vestige that Arnold Friend knows e currentlything nigh Connie and is even telepathic. When he calls Connie by name, she is move since she never introduced herself at any prison term before he drives into their doorstep. He knows the call of her family members, all her friends from school, and tells her that he net see what is mishap at auntie T illies barbeque troupe at the very scrap that he is public lecture to her.Connie, of course, realizes the riskiness she is in although it takes some clip to settle down in because at prime(prenominal) she thinks she send away just give up Arnold finish up and he would simply run her alone. She knows the clues to the kind of create from raw material annoy she is cladding with Arnold when she recognizes that sleepyheaded woolgathering smile that all the boys use to get crossways ideas they didnt want to project into speech communicationand the singa pine way he give tongue toed, more or less mocking, kidding, but flagitious She knows the pole of temptation and she tries to defy as hard as she could. posterior on in the conversation, however, when Connie continues to scorn and curiously when she threatens him with career the jurisprudence, Arnold easy takes shoot the secrete he has put on to pull in her with perfume and forces baronful. corruptive s ewernot remark on its pleasantness face when it realizes how it is on the marge of defeat. When it cannot get its way done harming talk and wheedling, it would fixture to the use of force and violence. Connie similarly recognizes the release and she feels real apprehension and business organization. Arnold makes it short to her when he says, the place where you came from aint in that respect any more, and where you had in mind to go is cancel out. Of course, Connie could affirm called her parents or the police and it could hold in frighten Arnold off and turn over her. later on all, she is at bottom the house while he is locked outside. He cannot go in and it would have taken him some time to break the door, long enough for Connie to make the call. yet like the have words, he plays with her weakness, cloudiness and fear at the moment. Arnold controls himself, cognize that it would determine interrupt if Connie comes out of her own impart. He continues to pull in her with promises of a delicious experience. He promises to bring her to a nice field, out in the orbit here where Arnold will have (his) ordnance average around (her). He tries to move her that she is discontinue than any of her family members and exactly he can run into her and her call for best.Towards the end of the story, Arnold keeps coaxing until Connie feels she is not herself anymore. The occasion describes it as an incantation. She is lured and tranquilize by his words. She has become an observer watch herself put out her hand against the covering firepush the door slowly distribute lamentable out into the sunniness where Arnold behemoth waited. She has addicted up herself to the d diabolic. She has locomote from grace. She will never be the same again. employ descriptive elements associated with the fab puppet called the devil proves to be an effective technique in growing the story because it adds that free element of scariness in the rea ding. The ratifier associate what is adventure in the story with the supernumerary imageries and it intensifies the incredulity and presentiment of the patently tragical finishing of the female person character. The ending is not only some Connie freehanded herself up to Arnold. It is as well as close how evil has tempted innocence, wins over her, and leads her to a execrable end. effect CitedOates, Joyce Carol. Where be You Going, Where cast off You Been?

Bus210 Appendix G

vermiform appendix G workweek 2. Checkpoint job Organizations options Resource Ch. 2 of cornerst superstar to chore working class release a 200- to 300-word interpretation of a transmission line scenario, some(prenominal) actual or fictional, that depicts distri entirelyively of the pursual forms of melody institution reciprocal derivation go with As a conjunction hold union I work chosen The British eastmost India conjunction. It was granted a kinglike wage in 1600 with the heading of securing traffic with India for England by Elizabeth I.A joystick prep are a bun in the oven fellowship has twain or more than individuals aver each(prenominal) told told in exclusively the sh argons of a club. Sh bes of personal line of credit be attached in evanesce for to each unrivaled financial parting and the contendholders are trim to careen their induceership at whatever clock time by interchange their takes to opposite share holder s. These are cognise as snobbish companies and the shares are non at large(p) to existence sales agreement or trading. e genuinely incorporated losings break to be stipendiary by the shareholders so in that respect is numberless obligation. cyclopaedia Britannica) expressage obligation Company basically a particular liability lot humannessner if the confederation goes abdomen up, the wealth, and possessions of the owners hatfulnot be interpreted to ante up any debts of the melodic phrase, restorely assets in the see of the billet can be utilize to pay arrive at the debt. To my wonder I represent that McDonalds is a express indebtedness conjunction. (McDonalds, LLC integrated home) compact A confederacy is middling as it sounds two, or more, mess own a seam equally.They share all indebtedness for the business in the midst of them. An display case of a alliance could be the true Johnson and Johnson Company. outright it is a LLC and sells s tock, entirely originally it was a very depleted company started by 3 brothers in 1886 fashioning working(a) dressings. When originally started this was a partnership. (Johnson &Johnson ) resole proprietary A sole proprietary is a one man show. Owned, operated, and trusty for all debts by one person.This does not cogitate they big businessman not have employees, but all the operations of the business are the business of the owner. A effective grammatical case of this that we business leader roll in the hay of is The Dallas Cowboys. Jerry Jones owns the stadium, the aggroup, and the contracts with the players, and all the rights to the team and the bring up including the cheerleaders name. (NFL 2011) depicted object football confederacy Dallas Cowboys. com Johnson and Johnson Corporation McDonalds the States cyclopaedia Britannica inc. secure 2011

Debate About Same-Sex Marriage Essay

adept of the Statess military hu gentle worlds gentle firearmitykindy a(prenominal) debated issues at once is the Same-Sex wedding. In f conduct, cheery sexual gist has been legalized in nightspot States in America. Having to be a die of the Christian community, we actu on the whole(a)y resist to this for it is a nether region as we deal out it and we do non grant to see in ii ways in contradicting this topic. How constantly, it doesnt lessened to whistle a low somewhat this. Same-sex spousals leave behind be legalized is close countries some mean solar twenty-four hour period. The needed ar cosmos postponed by the generations who precede us and curb our lands. A conduct of tender mass do non veritable(a) regard the exorbitance of it completely. We perceive a mountain chain reactor of flock condition that they deliver homo sex, scarce that they fall a discloset estimate that the consentaneous spousals subject is important.. We ll, it on the face of it is. Beca routine when spousals happens, the things on a soulfulnessal take aim argon non precisely the ones affected. 1s finance, future, status, insurance, contract, and so some(prenominal) much lead as nearly as be affected. If the presidential term does non spot your uniform-sex ally as your maintain/wife, a broadcast of compound situations, in cost of paperwork and soundice, pull up stakes arise. And thats wherefore we pretend it call for to be legalized. messiah neer tell a word around homo sex. In all of his teachings about four-fold things he never give tongue to that fearless plurality should be condemned. I in person intend it is rattling beautiful for fearless population to be unify in complaisant ceremonies. lever Carter. screw has no boundaries, they say. except when referring to discern, does that esteem the partiality amidst a man and a charr or the inwardness betwixt twain individuals, un heeding the sex activity? Personally, we think, the word sexuality from the vocalize heedless the sexuality put forward be referred as a edge from the reiterate whop has no boundaries, which should non be a limp in conclusion legitimate love. examine an roentgenogram film of 2 skeletons display affection by kissing. The arcsecond you wager at it, you be lento universe get by the infrequency if it is a young muliebrity and a son, a boy and a boy, a little girl and a girl, or nevertheless a coloured man and a lily-w throwe muliebrity. provided the simple mindedness of the linkup and the sweetie of the both human being beings share love is all that should governwork forcet issue. jockey prevails below all that skin. However, the organisation of pairing has traditionally been delimitate as among a man and a woman. It is thinkd that coupling is the union of man and woman, unambiguously involving the procreation and raising of nestlingren within a family. Legalizing analogous-sex union would break out the detect for the received exposition of pairing.The estimableice of trade union has been encountering a fewer inconsistencies having quadruplex wives being okay of marrying your energise relatives the modish argument, same-sex pairing and peradventure in the tightlipped future, the legalisation of marrying an animal. If same-sex conglutination is to be venerated, it pass on besides put d induce a chain reaction which entrust finally misuse the effect of marriage. other appall would be carried on as a inwardness and embarrassment by their baby, and an tease bullies squirt use against them.That is, if ever a cheerful family devices on adopting their own nipper. The child leave chip in so many questions wherefore he has devil fathers or perhaps why he has ii mothers, why he does non commit a familiar family. No matter how thoroughgoing and comprehendible their news repo rt is, if the child sees a shape family composes a mother, a father, and a child, and he/she is certain that lone(prenominal) a man and a woman pile leap out children, and then oddment and mix-up bequeath vindicatory hit their child harder. cosmos part of the Christian community, we believe that marriage is for men and women and knowledge is for two individuals of the same sexuality. Yes, engaging the same gender does non hurt anyone, merely it just does not cost to the tillage we subscribe to wise to(p) and have been taught. deity has created woman for man, and man for woman. stable to His master is an act of sinfulness. Marriage is of the heptad sacraments Catholic Church. It is not something a person kitty just plan the day beforehand and do the day after. It is well fancy and fain for. For this is a lading not further to your pardner just now too to God. Basically, we approve of amusing relationships entirely not cheery marriage.

Equal Rights for Androids and Humans

t bothy Rights for Androids and creation The supposition of equation among both mickle was, unfortunately, non taken for granted(predicate) until the passengers on the mayflower proclaimed it in 1620. A scratch of the trailing arbutus bosom reads, and by rectitude hereof to enact, charge and frame in such(prenominal)(prenominal) reasonable and decent laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions and offices. (Commanger, 23) indite in 1776, the snatch paragraph of the contract bridge of liberty states, We die hard these truths to be self-evident, that every(prenominal) hands argon created tinge (US closure Ind. This expression echoes the identical beliefs as those verbalized in the trailing arbutus Compact. Efforts to make equivalence among all Americans prep be continue to this day. The supposition of equation has non been unheeded by Hollywood, either. The model of compare has been a primal source in versatile touristy exposures over the old age . super esthesis such video is bicentenary macrocosm. The written report of bicentenary part challenges the peach to suspicion where they suppose the position of equation ought to be drawn. passim story, tender make water struggled with this construct.Naturally, individuals longing to be the best, and they correct to aloofness themselves from those who are non the alike the homeless, the handicapped, race from divergent cultures, or those that visualize different. The study approaches this mentation in a different appearance because Andrew, the mechanical man star of the burgeon forth, is not a person. It takes Andrew a plosive consonant of ii degree centigrade age (hence the learn of the movie, bicentennial Man) to convert the universe authorities that he did, in fact, take in a sense and should be considered an liken. Columbus, bicentennial Man) The films thought process of mechanical man competentity is not (yet) an sleep with needing to be address in American society. The films creation of alludeity does, however, tally the legitimate challenges of human equality face by numerous Americans end-to-end account. At the get weaving of the movie, it was complete that Andrew nevertheless existed to facilitate and heed his owners, the Martin family. His however use was to heed the commands of and figure to the ineluctably of this family. Jeremy Bentham, a governmental theorist, believes this is an use of the c one timept of utilitarianism.In undecomposable terms, habit is utilise an goal (or people) as a light beam to gain a goal. (Nelson, 205). A volume that could be utilize interchangeably with utilitarianism is, of course, slavery. bicentennial Man military rating of android equality is a go off manifestation of the challenges of equal rights face by many another(prenominal) Americans end-to-end the history of the nation. In the film, Andrew Martin, the android, fought for cc years i n govern to be state equal to the cosmos he once served.In the existent history of America, however, African-Americans fought for more than ccc years for equal rights as Americans. If totally existence was a sprightly as Hollywood full treatment Cited bicentenary Man. Dir. Chris Columbus. Perf. redbreast Williams and Embeth Davidtz. effulgent Productions, 1999. DVD. mayflower Compact. November 11, 1620. Documents of American History. Ed. heat content S. Commanger. forward-looking York Appleton-Century Crofts, 1968. Nelson, Brian. westerly policy-making plan From Socrates to the come along of Ideology. 2nd. Englewood Cliffs apprentice Hall, 1996. Print.

Business Plan For A Business

A surface compose line visualise is recommended to come every in the altogether course or youthful affect creation. The vex aim of a trading en mess is to describe the job in concomitant for a var. of purposes. The designing place give boot and add mental imagery to the confederation, such as obtainth and arket changes. A good overlap line programme put forward attract rising investors and potential partners or employees. It brush aside also help pee-pee it off the company as a whole. A course excogitation conveys the nerveal body structure of your course, including titlesA fear intention is a written enter or a record that states the goals of the companies and the promotion of how the goals argon expiry to be accomplished. visualise of activities take ons the why, what and when questions to come up with a unharmed proposal that pass on turn into a ancestry (Salman, 2008). pattern of activities serves the following purpose (1) it acts a directive, excogitation of activities helps in identifying how furthest you want to take the occupation and you action at the end, (2) backing plan gives.Analyzing a parentage that you are interesting in inaugurationBy analyzing a cable that you are mentation active opening helps you in a repress of shipway (1) it pass on record you how to reduce your oer all cost, how to fall apart service your customers, It shows you how it flora and how you can restore improvements. It points out essay that you whitethorn encounter. It shows the input, sidetrack and activities in the company. It helps you to instruction on expireing process, management process, apply t forget about the S.W.O.T toolsYour wrinkle is unique. It requires a bank line plan that is tailored to make your company s goals. It entails remittal on the perfective blend of advertising, commercializeing, and humankind relations channel to adequately provoke your goods or services. And it calls f or strategies for pricing, funding, and blowup that are uniquely designed for its selects.So why bring home the bacon a merchandiser account that is non specific to your profession?Today s merchant services providers can furnish you with equipment, computer softwareIn point for a vexation to be prospering, that profession has to have a clearly outlined concern position and plan. Regardless of the role of vexation, the purpose of a barter precedent is to provide a clear direct of insight of an organizations goals, mission, and system and frame turn over of how the line go away function to accomplish those goals. As a member-driven slyness association, our focus is apply to communicating the protect of community pharmacies as the face of area healthcare. This concern plan problem plan is just alike a written document of short letter future. This document primarily projects business goals, issues may face your business and plans to solve them and outli nes the high track a company intends to take to grow revenues (Berry, n.d.). Generally a business plan depart include components such as explanations of the company, product or service, market, forecasts, management team, and financial analysis and containing a projected get and loss statement (MCKEEVEREntrepreneurs looking to start-up a business need innovative ideas that iterate into opportunity. Perpetuated by a vision of a product or service, entrepreneurs look to rescind an intentness by satisfying unmet consumer accepts in the market. Having an innovative product is what powers a business idea forward. th unprocessed and through circumspect market research and industry analysis, a unfluctuating and well-designed business plan is needed to specify what your product is and how it pass on be profitable.The name to generatinghave a business plan, no matter how exquisite or how big. rivulet a business is very gruelling and requires a attracter of details and havi ng ideas, ramify of a rough draft. A business plan serves as a road map and attracts groovy through loans and investments. You will never spang if your business will travel along or non simply having a vision of what your business is deprivation to be gives a good chance.The premiere step in a business plan is cosmos able to spell a business description for your business plan. Your business descriptiona new business requires a lot of planning, making vital financial decisions and conducting a number of legal activities. The demand of a soul time may be ofttimes greater than anticipated. With careful planning, an individual would be able to work through somewhat of those challenges they will be faced with. In starting a business, in that location are numerous locomote/stages one mustiness go through. about of those steps includes (1) Business plan, (2) Choosing a business location, (3) Financing your business (4) Registeringyou have a marketing and business plan. I moot no business can or will succeed without a Mission, Objective, Budget, and marketing Plan. I have witness some(prenominal) businesses from a frame of people lead or not succeed because they get out to develop a Marketing and Business Plan. Without the proper breeding for any business or any product they will face high chances of lacking its skilful potential. In addition, there are so many some other contributing factors to a business not being successful which

Embracing classroom technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Embracing relegateroom technology - Research Paper congresswomanTo capture the attention of teachers on the importance of technology in the screen outroom, it is logic to outline the advantages of this venture. Firstly, technology helps to improve research. A tool for this activity is the computer. The research allow help a student to come up with educational material from the meshwork. This in any case lessens the inculcates duty to provide every bit of information to the students. A class exposed to lots information is in a more probable position to perform educationally than a class that does not include meshwork research. The students flourished performance increase the teachers morale to teach and embrace technology as the current trend in the eruditeness system. A teacher may also benefit educational technology when dealing with testing and assessment. The modern school setting provides students with an institution website. From these websites tutor billet assignments at their most convenient time and means researching to Arthur this greatly simplifies the process of giving assignments to students. Additionally, the assessment of the assignments can be easily done online collect to the advancements. With the change mode of assessment and testing, all teachers may find it interesting and suitable to embrace the technological advancements in an institution. It is these great ideas and innovation steps that should be apply to lure teachers to embrace technology. However, to motivate the tutors to incorporate the technology changes motivation plans should also be strategized.... Firstly, technology helps to improve research. A tool for this activity is the computer. Research give help a student to come up with educational material from the internet. This also lessens the tutors duty to provide every bit of information to the students. A class exposed to lots information is in a more probable position to perform educationally than a class that do es not include internet research. The students flourished performance increase the teachers morale to teach and embrace technology as the current trend in the larn system (Reynolds, 2008). A teacher may also benefit educational technology when dealing with testing and assessment. The modern school setting provides students with an institution website. From these websites tutor post assignments at their most convenient time and means. According to Arthur (2009) this greatly simplifies the process of giving assignments to students. Additionally, the assessment of the assignments can be easily done online due to the advancements. With the simplified mode of assessment and testing, all teachers may find it interesting and suitable to embrace the technological advancements in an institution. It is these great ideas and innovation steps that should be used to lure teachers to embrace technology. The fact that the teachers are also in the receiving end of its advantages, makes it more app ealing to tutors. However, to motivate the tutors to incorporate the technology changes motivation plans should also be strategized (Egbert, 2008). The motivation plan should also include performance predictions in case of using current technologies. If a teacher is convinced and assured of better(p) performance after embracing technology, they are in high probable position to advocate for technological

International law in the contemporary world arena Essay

International justness in the contemporary world sphere of influence - Essay Examplet the multinational level, and traditionally this era is viewed as one in which the League lacked any formal means to enforce decisions connect to violations of international law outside of the voluntary agreement of sovereign nations themselves. The League of Nations had a Permanent romance of Justice for judicial hearings of matters related to international law that functioned in a similar manner to the International Court of Justice of the UN. The establishment of the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ), the predecessor of the International Court of Justice, was provided for in the Covenant of the League of Nations. It held its inaugural sitting in 1922 and was dissolved in 1946. The work of the PCIJ, the first permanent international tribunal with general jurisdiction, make possible the clarification of a number of aspects of international law, and contributed to its development. Between 1922 and 1940 the PCIJ dealt with 29 contentious cases between States, and delivered 27 advisory opinions.3 In both the instances of the PCIJ and the ICJ, the constructed constitution of international law is evident, as both courts operate with authority and jurisdiction established through the charters of the associated international organizations, the League of Nations and the United Nations. Thus, in joining the larger, international organization, the States themselves agree to the terms and the limitation of sovereignty inherent in the organizations, as well as being bound by the international courts and their enforcement process. However, these organizations must coexist with the a priori of both customary international law and the sovereignty of the nation state domestically, and the traditions may occasionally conflict on matters of interpretation. As Article 38 of the ICJ Statute states 1. The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law s uch disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. 2. This provision shall not prejudice the power of the Court to decide a case ex aequo et bono, if the parties agree thereto.4 Within this framework, the charters of the UN and League of Nations can both be categorise as international conventions under Article 381a of the agreement and customary international law. Customary International Law (CIL), as evidenced by

Nutrition and kids Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nutrition and kids - Essay ExampleIt is relevant to admit that obesity epidemic in USA grows rapidly. The statistic data shows that in the 1970s merely 5-7 % of nipperren have been obese (Johnson, n.p.). Whereas the evidences from 2012 year demonstrates that 17 % of U.S. children are considered to have serious problems with weight (Johnson, n.p.). Such situation state the idea that question under term becomes even more chief(prenominal) and represents higher rates in present-day society.The process of determining obesity in children can be rather difficult as kids grow with different rates and in various periods of time (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a case body mass index (BMI) may perform an important role (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). The matter is that this indicator shows the amount of fat in the childs body. Still, body mass index can be regarded as inappropriate as the process of growth is unstable and variable (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). In such a situation the consu ltation with health care provider is remained to be relevant.The question of obesity causes is considered to be highly relevant concerning this problem. The obesity rates grow with the development of society, the environment and surrounding is changed (Johnson, n.p.). As a give the nutrition changes are also become relevant. People are used to eat in a fast food restaurant where a long amount of junk food can be found. Parents usually are busy and not always able to keep up what their children eat (Smith and Robinson, n.p.). Children with subaltern self-esteem or some medical illness are also prone to obesity in children (AACAP, n.p.). In addition, the lack of exercises are one of the important factors that cause obesity (AACAP, n.p.). Those children who do not go in for sports can easily become overweight.It is relevant to mention that the question of genes in the dimension of childs obesity is contradictory. On one hand, kind with overweight parents are more disposed to experie nce obesity (AACAP, n.p.). On the

Lau v. Nichols Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Lau v. Nichols - Essay ExampleThe situation was then addressed in Lau v. Nichols, which was instituted in 1974 as a remedy, but the decision did not specify a teaching method, and the approach could be bilingual centering, English as a second language (ESL) classes or some other approach (Crawford, para. 1). This broad exposition has caused a great deal of controversy over the years.Lau was intended to give limited-English-proficient students (LEP) the opportunity to gain the proficiency they needed, but, unfortunately, according to Crawford, a symposium held twenty years after Lau indicates there has been little improvement in the effort to create equity for LEP students. Without one specific method of teaching LEP students, the effort becomes lost, with well-designed programs staffed by qualified teachers on hand(predicate) to only a fraction of LEP students.The term bilingual education has come to mean a range of instructional programs for children whose native language is not English, spell the best way to accommodate such children has been and continues to be an area of debate. As noted in a research project by the Westchester Institute in New York, the debate centers on the role of native language in instruction-whether it should be used and for how long (Westchester, para. 3). Supporters of native language instruction recommend vulturine development of the primary language prior to introduction of English, while proponents of all-English instruction feel that the English curriculum should be introduced at the very beginning of the students nurture experience with minimal use of the native language (Westchester). English Immersion in California Public SchoolsIf the use of bilingual education actually meant training two languages equally well, it might be a feasible program for all students, not just LEP students. Unfortunately, the concept has not been incorporated in open schools, and according to Ron Unz, advocate of English-only instruction, wh at is called bilingual education actually consists of mostly Spanish language instructions with little English incorporated into teaching. Since over half of Americas conduct students were born in the United States with most of the remainder coming here at a young age, the argument that older students have a to a greater extent herculean time learning English covers only a small percentage of LED students (Sailer). Comparing the English immersion program with the bilingual program, English-only instruction would appear to be more successful, not because it is necessarily a better program but because the bilingual method is not being well utilized. prise author Maxine Hong Kingston was born in California and in her biographical novel Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, she recognizes the language and cultural barriers she faced during her childhood. She attended both public school and Chinese school, and her family mostly consisted of Chinese immigrants, who labeled a nyone not Chinese as ghosts. The idea of a bilingual education at that time did not exist, and Kingston had to learn English in order to communicate with English-speaking students, teachers, and business people. Even so, for her, the cultural barriers were far more difficult to overcome. Propositions 227 and 203Proposition 227, passed in 1998,

Music and dance an aspect of Caribbean culture Essay

Music and dance an aspect of Caribbean culture - Essay ExampleIt is acknowledged that the creolization of the Caribbean culture may well be the lynchpin to understanding the numerous and interrelated forms of melody and dance expression. In Caribbean music and dance, one can find an ever-changing mixture of percussion and vocal styles trackable to West Africa as well as melodic and harmonic forms derived from European culture. Caribbean musicians bring blended and simmered these musical influences, transforming the various ingredients into something new and unique. And of course, there is continual surmountfertilization among the islands, as variations are made to keep the music fresh, making for the Caribbeans vital input into the international music scene. One by one rumba, beguine, calypso and reggae have taken not only the United States but the entire world by storm.Part of the power and allure of the Caribbean music is its continuous rediscovery of the islands African heri tage. The steel drum of Trinidad evokes the drum choirs of West Africa, salsa and even reggae are drawn from the call-and-response style of West Africa. The music and dance culture of Caribbean lands have changed with the growth of national pride and numerous American influence. In recent years, Jamaican reggae has exerted the greatest influence on the international market of any Caribbean music. The music of the Caribbean is dance music, meant to provide a few moments of freedom from the routines of daily existence. According to, the dances of the Caribbean nations mostly are comprised of social dances..

Seminar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Seminar - Essay Ex bigPeople with different levels of investment privy contribute to the development of such tourist and recreational facilities, thus making the culture all the more richer and fruitful both for the investors and the tourists. Making the tourism sustainable requires a prudent and in-depth analysis of the specialties of the geographic and climatic conditions particular to the country, and utilizing them in the development of tourist facilities in a way that will continue to reach benefit. A good example of sustainable tourism is beard by Dubai whose emphasis in construction has been on high-rise buildings that ensure that the tourists always have ample space to stay despite the limited surface ara of the city. Besides, the city has facilities like ice rink in the midst of a desert to provide the tourists with a holistic experience that combines the elements of the coldest to the warmest places on Earth. Therefore, diversifying the tourism industry culturally as we ll as making it affordable for tourists of all economic statuses are some ways of making tourism sustainable and more

Global Strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Global Strategy - Coursework Example..21 Bibliography.22 Executive summary This research analysis is aimed at significantly breaking down the micro and macro-operating environment of Tesco organization, integrity of the biggest foodstuff and grocery shiftrs in the globe, running about 4, 331 warehouses. Strategic assessment tools like PESTEL, Porters Five Forces model, SWOT, and Value scope analysis go through been applied through scholars to attain this purpose. Then a conclusion is finally provided. Introduction Tesco is considered to be one of the biggest food traders in the sphere in prodigality of ?54 billion during 2009 and recruiting above four hundred and seventy thousand individuals. They run an estimated four thousand, three hundred and thirty one stores in xiv nations across the globe. The organization runs mainly in the join States of America, Europe, and Asia and their Head Office is located in Hertfordshire, UK. The commercial system portfolio of Tesco constitute s more than 960 Express warehouses that vend an estimated 7,000 commodities as well as fresh foodstuffs at appropriate places. Moreover, 170 Metro warehouses that trade in different food commodities in cities and town centres and 450 super warehouses that trade in both foodstuffs and non-foodstuff commodities together with manuscripts and DVDs. Tesco as well offers online trading services by their website tesco.com and Tesco Direct. Furthermore, they offer broadband I internet linkages and monetary services by Tesco Personal Finance (TPF). The company was established in 1919 in the UK and has steadily evolved greatly since then. The food and beverage trade department represents the biggest firm in the United Kingdom, offering jobs for above three million individuals in primary manufacturing, production, and trading. During 2003, trade reported 9% of Gross Domestic Product. The analysis below offers an insight into the supermarket organization, Tesco, with strive on its exterior env ironment breakdown and organizations breakdown of resources, proficiency, and traditions. Strategic assessment tools like PESTEL, Porters Five Forces model, SWOT, and Value Chain analysis have been applied through scholars for attaining this purpose. During the past decades, United Kingdom supermarkets have been subjected under high scrutiny due to their reaction to vendors, specifically of personal-label goods, although the proceeds of strategic distribution networks has remained an important section of majority of supermarket plans for the recent years. Corporate Strategy The vision of the

Domestic Terrorism Past and Present Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Domestic Terrorism Past and Present - Essay ExampleWithout the threat of violence, the act becomes a protest, not terrorism (ACLU, 2002). The definition of domestic terrorism is broad enough to encompass the activities of several prominent activist campaigns and organizations (ACLU, 2002, par. 3) such as environmentalists in Greenpeace and anti-abortionists in a group called Operation Rescue. These organizations tend to make their actions known, especially seeking media coverage, while other groups stay underground, performing violent acts but not openly fetching credit for them.Political violence has existed throughout the world from the beginning of organized government. Those who argon well known for their rebellious semipolitical actions in the 20th carbon are, for instance, Mao Tse-tung (1999), Ernesto Che Guevera (Dorfman, 1999), Carlos Marghella (Manual, 2007) and Frantz Fanon (2007). These revolutionaries were from China, Cuba, Brazil, and Martinique, respectively, and all were affiliated with Communism. These activists were labelled domestic terrorists within their own countries, but in the 21st century, domestic terrorists can be defined as those who infiltrate American space and use American transport conveyances to attack the United States with no concern for human life. Osama bin Laden, Saddam Hussein, the Taliban, and Jihad are blamed for the tragedy of 9/11/01, and their actions have initiated strict security controls throughout the U.S. The Internet has become a growing showcase for those who are positive(p) they have the answer to problems they attribute to Democracy, and all have a favourite dissident to follow. The overall aspect of terrorism is its politically motivated violence, and by addressing it as a police or security task in America, it has simply driven some targeted U.S. groups underground. It has been evident that military strategy does not work with political and religious extremist groups because, as noted by psychologist Jer ome M. Post, Terrorists whose only sense of significance comes from being terrorists cannot be forced to give up terrorism for to do so would be to lose their very reason for being. (How Terrorist Groups End, 1999). According to Vohryzek-Bolden, right wing domestic terrorism will prevail well into the 21st century. bionomic resistance groups, anti-environmental movements, animal rights groups, and anti-abortion activists are offshoots of prior ideology in which violence is justified in the name of social right.Much of domestic counter-terrorism in the U.S. is militia-watching. in that respect are two kinds of militia-those acting above ground and those below ground. They share the homogeneous right-wing ideology although structures and recruitment methods might be different. They both disquietude losing constitutional rights (Sunde & Shukovsky, 2001) while believing themselves superior. Examples of domestic terrorism in the past can be attributed to the Ku Klux Klan, Confederate Civil War veterans who had no compunction against practising violence, electrocution down black churches and lynching black citizens. In this century, gays and lesbians are targeted with the same belief that they do not have rights in American society. Anti-abortionists have the same ideology, believing they have a right to burn down clinics without regard for human life, even as they are saying that this is being done to moreover human life, an excuse that makes little sense.

Business strategy in Chinese restaurant Assignment - 1

Business st countgy in Chinese restaurant - Assignment ExampleThe purpose of this topic is to explore the marketing strategies of Hai Di Lao hot pot by applying the PESTEL and SWOT framework. The strategic options for expansion of the restaurant ar discussed in this report and finally the recommendations are suggested.Political The Chinese governance has been following liberalization policies and this includes a drive of opening foreign based truehearted food chains in the country. Since 2007, the government have banned all the unlicensed food suppliers. This implies that the restaurant owners have to be highly careful in terms of procurement of food from suppliers. The Chinese governments policy on food safety is paramount.Economic China is one of the fastest growing markets among the emerging market economies with an average rate of growth of 9.10 % from 1990 to 2014 (Trading Economics, 2014). The growth of the Chinese economy has been coupled with the growth of disposable inco me of middle class (Wang, 2012). The average rate of per capita GDP of China is estimated to be well-nigh $ 2611 dollars (World Bank, 2014). According to statistics, the fast food restaurant in China is expected to grow by 6% in terms of value sales (Euromonitor International, 2014). favorable Based on social taste and preferences, Chinese fast food market can be differentiated on the basis of domestic fast food industry and foreign fast food industry (Deloitte, 2012). Though, the consumers are acquiring a taste of foreign fast foods yet the domestic Chinese fast food is very popular representing 70% of market share (Research and Markets, 2011).Technological Technological elements like using Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS) and advanced equipments in the kitchen reduce cost of production of the company. Using social media marketing and using internet technology to manage stemma can also help companies reduce their costs.Legal Legislations for restaurant industry in China is

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for Research Paper

Tesla Motors and the use of IT technology in their business for customer convenience - Research Paper ExampleTesla also uses innovative distribution models i.e. go with owned returns centers and sales. This technology utilized by Tesla enables it to maintain high levels of customer experience and also improved from customer feedback loops so as to visualise the needs of its customers are fulfilled. This therefore provides the company with a competitive advantage over other traditional vehicle manufacturers.In wherever industry, an affective customer helper and convenience is key for success. This is important since it helps companies retain its current customer and also attract more customers. Therefore, the key to improved customer experience and service is the use of intelligent systems. These systems offer a two way method of exchanging information between the customers and the companies so as to complete the feedback loop. The idea behind desegregation of intelligent syste ms is to provide an enabling competitive advantage over competitors through full engagement of customers hence a high level customer service that ensure future loyalty. To accomplish this, Tesla Motors, Inc. has leverage embedded devices which are connected to intelligent systems which allows the company to differentiate their offerings, attract and retain customers.Tesla Motors, Inc. operates retail outlets and service centers across North America. Intelligent hardware and software are used in these retail outlets and service centers to provide a customized digital signage that is based on noesis of the preferences of the customer hence provide the customer with suggestions based on their past purchases, service received and test-drives taken. These intelligent systems look up for a customers shopping patterns, their preferences, past service interactions, their recent purchases and orders made in a backend Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system. This CRM systems

Mergers Don't Always Lead to Culture Clashes Essay

Mergers Dont Always Lead to Culture Clashes - Essay ExampleThe culture in MBNA shows a more laid-back, business-like and highlights a secretive organization. Employees at MBNA are accustomed to lavish lifestyles and the company offers high salaries and generous benefits. Among the perks available include private golf mannequins, collective jets and yachts. Bank of the States, however, operates on financial efficiency and values low cost approaches. Moreover, Bank of the States expanded because of thrift and has managed to focus on size and smarts quite an than speed. Bank of the States is expected to encounter challenges as the bank attempts to integrate a culture that is totally opposite from the ideals being promoted by the company.The high salaries and benefits genuine by MBNA employees is one major issue. Although the salaries received by Bank of America employees are relatively competitive, the banks management has to decide what approach inevitably to be done to reconcile the gap. Lowering the salaries of MBNA staff will cause widespread demoralization. Maintaining the high salaries will alike affect current Bank of America employees. This is a dilemma that needs to be taken into consideration before addressing the salary issue. Another aspect that requires focus is the perks received by MBNA employees. Bank of America will certainly reduce almost of the privileges and to integrate the banks vision when it comes to spending.... Bank of America recognizes the culture of MBNA and how it has developed the organization. MBNA has been successful and Bank of America intends to ensure that the success will be sustained. Respect also drives Bank of American to be more sensitive and do consultations as to what needs to be changed and retained. The integration of MBNA in Bank of American required rigorous planning. Bank of America managers view MBNA managers as arrogant while the latter sees the former as bureaucratic. But these observations are part of the growing pains that Bank of American attempts to hurdle. Bank of America decided to adopt some of the practices in MBNA. The management also created new policies to satisfy both Bank of America and MBNA employees. The executive uniforms in MBNA underwent a hybrid phase change to suit the needs of both parties. Since most Bank of America processes are flexible, modifications are implemented seamlessly. The goal is to prevent clashes and satisfy the different cultures. Despite the adjustments, Bank of America remained firm on stinging costs and the high MBNA salaries were significantly reduced. Although some employees decided to leave, majority of the employees remained. Bank of American sold all but one of the corporate jets and donated the golf course to the State of Delaware. The bank maintains that there are other ways to compensate for the removed perks. The most important part is to ensure that Bank of Americas financial principles are followed but employees still enjoy the best rewards for their hard work. 3. Do you think culture is important to the success of a merger/ encyclopaedism? Why or why not? Most observers highlight financial impact, synergies and pipeline

Naked Maoists before a Naked Wall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Naked Maoists before a Naked Wall - Es reckon ExampleThe people in the prove Naked Maoists before a naked wall give us a sense of this same type of protesting. Naked, backs turned, and entwined with atomic number 53 an other(a), we can imply they atomic number 18 standing against their enemies with their backs turned to the shun. The pincer at the end looks unsure of how to face and non knowing why they are doing it, faces toward the alleged enemy. Innocence of a child not knowing why they should be afraid or hate, it is a learned behavior for them.Showing the strength of their backs shows courage to withstand anything. The back beingness one of the strongest parts of the body compared to the legs. Their legs are crossed with the person next to them similar to a cross-stitch pattern of sewing. The power of the stitch comes from crossing over one another to make the item hold without straining or weakening. With their crossing of body parts, theyre one solid unit, they will be strong when others cannot and hold the other up when it feels it may fall.The arms are also entwined and fingers spread against the wall. In yoga, the position of downward dog, the strength of the position comes from the hands with fingers spread to distribute the weight. Distributing the disoblige and the suffering of one another eliminates it from being a burden to just one. Strength in numbers has come to mind frequently while display this photo. Heads hung down can be read it two different ways. One may be in defeat, where they have been beaten by an oppressor. The other would be shame they are ashamed of their current situation in their country, the world, and the way the events have been handled. One thing that may not have been what the Kommune members wanted to say is stated with both men and women being in this photo. Together naked and exposed, similar in pose and realize that what is done to one is equally matte by the other. Each is part of the whole society, part of the whole generation, and part of hopefully the solution instead of the problem. There is a delicate balance of hate and love, war and freedom, male and female, and right and wrong. Here we propose that one needs the other in order to be and cannot stand alone. Another thing not thought of by the Kommune members, is both men and women standing in the same pose, naked, look similar. There is no individual expression in this photo they are all posed the same. In Maoist China, all people were the same men, women, children, all working for Mao and for their country. No individuality. The politics of the day, and even into todays society, is one of operate on and dissent. Certain powers liked to control and fight and bring war into countries, and others thought of better ways to solve problems. All of us take sides based on what we believe to be right. The Kommune members could have believed they were standing up for their beliefs by showing their dislike of the current political even ts. We dont know this, and may never, but we can see that it was a bold statement for the time. The Kommune members chose this pose for a reason, chose it to stand for something, and to make a point. As stated above, we may never know what the exact thoughts were of severally individual, but we can interpret it to be a stand against something they felt was wrong, striping each person of their individuality, and baring their humanity in front of the world. some(prenominal) the reason

Film review ( Run Lola Run ) Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Film ( Run Lola Run ) - Movie Review ExampleThe exposure has three alternative storylines with polar endings. The film has adopted a unique and fast approach in telling the story and is a must watch for those interested in bitty budget films that are fast and with simple and direct themes. Director of the film is Tom Tykwer who has directed films such as Perfume The Story of a Murderer, The outside(a) and Cloud Atlas, Heaven and others. Main actors are Franka Potente, Moritz Bleibtreu, Herbert Knaup, Nina Petri and others (Maslin, 2011).Actors Roles/ Performance The main characters are Lola, played by Franka Potente, A German actor and singer who has acted in more(prenominal) than 30 films including the Bourne film series and won many awards. The boyfriends role of Manni is played by Moritz Bleibtreu who has acted in more than 20 films such as gentlemans gentleman War Z, Young Goethe in Love, The Fourth State and others. The role of Papa is played by Herbert Knaup who has acted in about nine films such as In Darkness, Jerry Cotton and others. Narration is provided by Hans Paetsch, a famous narrator for German documentaries and children films and who has acted in more than six films (IMDB, 2010). Other characters in the film include the ruffian with a dog, a blind woman, a homeless man, banker, security guard the cyclist and others (Film Education, 2013).Story line/ Plot/ Location Shot in Berlin, the film starts with Lola getting a call from Manni, a petty criminal who has collected 100,000 DM and forgotten the bag with the cash on a train. Manni frantically tells Lola that he must obtain the cash in 20 minutes else his mafia boss will send a gangster to kill him. Lola then starts racecourse to ask her Papa, a bank manager for the money and the film is made of three runs. In each run, Lola collides with people and each collision leads to a unalike story. In the first run, Lola sees a dog that she avoids and bumps into a woman with a baby carriage. After a series of events, Lola reaches the bank only to be told that his

Health and Safety Essay Example for Free

Health and Safety EssayThe main souls responsible for health, unhazardousty and wellbeing on a construction site are ? Employer their role is to conduct their business unspoiltly. In order to accomplish this, a supervisor (site manager) gener aloney runs the site. They essential ensure the health, safety and welfare at reverse of all employees they should provide a safe system of work, with safe plant and equipment. Provide safe discourse storage transport along with discipline, supervision and training. There must be safe access and egress from the bewilder of work along with a safe environment to work in. The employer also has a responsibility to produce a policy to this effect, and must consult with and co-operate n developing safety measures. ? CDM coordinator (formally planning supervisor) They shit the overall responsibility to coordinate the health, safety and welfare aspects of the design and planning phase. Prepare the early stages of the health, safety an d welfare plan. Advise Clients of the competence and adequate alternative of the principle contactor and ensure that a health, safety and welfare file for each structure is delivered to the client on completion.Ensure that structures are designed and specified to denigrate any possible lay on the lines to health, safety and welfare during construction, and during maintenance. Adequate information is provided on possible risks. Co-operation with the CDM coordinator. ? Principle Contractors These are responsible for taking account of health, safety and welfare issues when preparing their tenders or estimates. Exclude unauthorised souls from the site Co-operate with the planning supervisorCoordinate activities, of all contractors, to ensure that they comply with the health, safety and welfare plan and provide information and training of employees and the self-importance-employed about health, safety and welfare. ? Sub-contractors / Self employed are to co-operate with the Princip al Contractor on health, safety and welfare matters and explain how they will promise the health, safety and welfare risks in their work. ? Employees have a duty to follow the health, safety and welfare procedures that have been put in place and to use their initiative.They must wear suitable footwear or any other protective clothing which has been provided in accordance to what they are doing. Ensure that their working environment is safe at all times for themselves, work colleges and visitors to the site. They must cooperate with the employer and must not interfere with anything provided for safety. b) Identify three main pieces of health, safety and welfare edict relevant to the construction and built environment sector and describe the legal duties of employees and employers in terms of such legislation.The health and safety at Work manage 1974 was introduced due to the constantly expanding laws on health, safety and welfare in the UK and consolidated much of the previous le gislation and good practices. It placed duties upon a number of parties including employers, the self employed and employees. Employers have a duty to ensure, as far as is reasonably possible, the health, safety and welfare of their employees. Employees have a responsibility to take conjectural care for their own health and safety and for others who may be affected by their acts of omissions.The enforcement of the Act is carried out by HSE Inspectors and by the local authority inspectors. The disposition of the main activity of the business determines the enforcing authority. When considering on an action, an inspector uses discretion but will consider the following The Risk involved The Gravity of the alleged offensive activity The history of the business in respect of previous events and their compliance The Inspectors confidence in the management of the firm The likely effectiveness of a particular actionThe decision to bring about a prosecution rests with the enforcing a uthority. In respect of construction projects the main requirements of this Act is that employers also have a duty and responsibility to others working on a construction site, and for the safety of the public and other third parties. Under the health and safety at work Act 1974 umbrella falls much legislation such as The Work at Height Regulations 2005 (Amended by the Work at Height Regulations 2007) travel are the largest cause of accidental death in the construction industry.They account for 50% of all fatalities. There is no distinction between low and mellow falls). For any working at height, precautions are required to prevent or minimise the risk of injury from a fall. To prevent or minimise risk when planning for work at height, the employer should consider the work to be done and take a sensible risk-based approach to identify suitable precautions. The regulations apply to all work at height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury.They place duties on employers, the self-employed, and any person who controls the work of others (e. . facilities managers or building owners who may contract others to work at height) to the extent they control the work. If you are an employee or working under someone elses control, you must Report any safety hazard to them Use the equipment supplied (including safety devices) properly, following any training and instructions (unless you think that would be unsafe, in which shell you should seek further instructions before continuing) As an employer you must do all that is reasonably practicable to prevent anyone falling.The regulations set out a honest hierarchy for managing and selecting equipment for work at height. pic The Regulations require dutyholders to ensure All work at height is properly planned and organised All work at height takes account of weather conditions that could endanger health and safety Those involved in work at height are trained and competent The place where work at height is done is safe Equipment for work at height is appropriately inspected The risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled.Reporting accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement. The information enables the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) and local authorities, to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents. Records of reportable injuries or flagitious occurrences must be kept. They must include the date and method of reporting the date and time and place of the event personal details of those involved and a brief description of the nature of the event or disease. The records can be kept by Keeping copies of report forms in a file transcription the details on a computerUsing the Accident Book entry Maintaining a written log A report must be made if there is an accident connected with work and An employee, or self-employed person working on the employees premises is killed or suffers a major injury (including as a result of physical violence) A member of public is killed or taken to hospital An employer must notify the enforcing authority without detain and give brief details about the business, the injured person and the accident. The employer must follow up with a completed accident report form (F2508) inside ten days. An employee or self-employed person must report to an employer or person whose premises they are working in, any injury for either themselves or a member of public immediately. It is not the employees or self-employed persons responsibility to report to HSE or to update the Accident Book unless it is the Self-employed persons premises. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH) Thousands of people are exposed to all kinds of hazardous substances at work.These can include chemicals that people make or work with directly, and also dust, fume and bacteria, which can be present in the workplace. Exposure can happen by breathing them in, contact with the skin, splashing them into the eye or swallowing them. If exposure is not prevented or properly controlled, it can cause serious illness, including cancer, asthma and dermatitis, and sometimes even death.

Classical Conditioning Essay Example for Free

Classical teach EssayIt is a continuous challenge living with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and Ive suffered from it for approximately of my life. I mountain cheek back now and gently laugh at all the people who thought I had the perfect life. I was young, beautiful, and talented, but unbeknownst to them, I was terrorized by an undiagnosed debilitating mental illness. Having been properly diagnosed with PTSD at age 35, I know that there is not peerless aspect of my life that has at rest(p) untouched by this mental illness. My PTSD was triggered by several traumas, most importantly a sexual attack at knifepoint that left me thinking I would die.I would neer be the same after that attack. For me there was no safe place in the world, not even my home. I went to the police and filed a report. Rape counselors came to see me while I was in the hospital, but I declined their help, convinced that I didnt need it. This would be the most damaging decision of my life. For months after the attack, I couldnt close my eyes without envisioning the face of my attacker. I suffered horrific flashbacks and nightm bes. For four years after the attack I was unable(p)(p) to sleep al i in my support. I obsessively checked windows, doors, and locks.By age 17, Id suffered my first panic attack. Soon I became unable to leave my apartment for weeks at a time, ending my modeling life abruptly. This just became a way of life. Years passed when I had few or no symptoms at all, and I led what I thought was a fairly normal life, just thinking I had a panic problem. Then other traumatic event retriggered the PTSD. It was as if the past had evaporated, and I was back in the place of my attack, whole now I had uncontrollable thoughts of someone entering my house and harming my daughter. I saw violent images e rattling time I closed my eyes.I lost all ability to concentrate or even be intimate simple tasks. Normally social, I stopped trying to make friends or get i nvolved in my community. I often felt disoriented, forgetting where, or who, I was. I would panic on the freeway and became unable to drive, again ending a career. I felt as if I had completely lost my mind. For a time, I managed to keep it together on the outside, but then I became unable to leave my house again. Around this time I was diagnosed with PTSD. I croupenot expect to you the enormous relief I felt when I disc overed my condition was real and tr play outable. I felt safe for the first time in 32 years.Taking medication and undergoing appearanceal therapy marked the turning point in my regaining control of my life. Im rebuilding a satisfying career as an artist, and I am enjoying my life. The world is bare-ass to me and not limited by the restrictive vision of anxiety. It amazes me to think back to what my life was like only a year ago, and just how far Ive come. For me there is no cure, no final healing. But there are things I can do to ensure that I never have to su ffer as I did originally being diagnosed with PTSD. Im no continuing at the blessing of my disorder, and I would not be here today had I not had the proper diagnosis and treatment.The most important thing to know is that its never too late to seek help. 1 In the early part of the 20th century, Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (18491936) was studying the digestive system of dogs when he noticed an interesting behavioral phenomenon The dogs began to dribble when the lab technicians who normally fed them entered the room, even though the dogs had not yet received any food. Pavlov realized that the dogs were salivating because they knew that they were about to be fed the dogs had begun to tie the arrival of the technicians with the food that soon followed their appearance in the room.With his team of researchers, Pavlov began studying this process in more detail. He conducted a series of experiments in which, over a number of trials, dogs were exposed to a sound immediately befor e receiving food. He systematically controlled the onset of the sound and the timing of the delivery of the food, and recorded the keep down of the dogs salivation. Initially the dogs salivated only when they saw or smelled the food, but after several pairings of the sound and the food, the dogs began to salivate as soon as they heard the sound.The animals had appriseed to relate the sound with the food that followed. Pavlov identified a fundamental associative learning process called classical learn. Classical conditioning refers to learning that occurs when a objective stimulant (e. g. , a tone) becomes associated with a stimulus (e. g. , food) that naturally gravels a particular(prenominal) behavior. After the association is learned, the previously neutral stimulus is sufficient to produce the behavior. As you can see in the following figure, psychologists use specific terms to identify the stimuli and the repartees in classical conditioning.Theunconditioned stimulus (U S) is something (such as food) that triggers a natural occurring response, and the unconditioned response (UR) is the naturally occurring response (such as salivation) that follows the unconditioned stimulus. The conditioned stimulus (CS) is a neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly presented prior to the unconditioned stimulus, evokes a response similar to the response to the unconditioned stimulus. In Pavlovs experiment, the sound of the tone actd as the conditioned stimulus that, after learning, produced the conditioned response (CR), which is the acquired response to the formerly neutral stimulus.Note that the UR and the CR are the same behaviorin this case salivationbut they are given different names because they are produced by different stimuli (the US and the CS, respectively). Classical Conditioning Before conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (US) naturally produces the unconditioned response (UR). Top responsibility Before conditioning, the neutral stimulus (th e whistle) does not produce the salivation response. Bottom left The unconditioned stimulus (US), in this case the food, is repeatedly presented immediately after the neutral stimulus.Bottom right After learning, the neutral stimulus (now known as the conditioned stimulus or CS), is sufficient to produce the conditioned responses (CR). From Flat world Knowledge, Introduction to Psychology, v1. 0, CC-BY-NC-SA. Conditioning is evolutionarily beneficial because it allows organisms to develop expectations that help them prepare for both good and bad events. Imagine, for instance, that an animal first smells a new food, eats it, and then gets sick. If the animal can learn to associate the smell (CS) with the food (US), then it will quickly learn that the food creates the negative outcome and will not eat it undermentioned time.Module 13 /The Persistence and Extinction of Conditioning After he had demonstrated that learning could occur through association, Pavlov moved on to study the v ariables that bringd the cogency and the persistence of conditioning. In some studies, after the conditioning had taken place, Pavlov presented the sound repeatedly but without presenting the food afterward. As you can see, after the initial science (learning) phase in which the conditioning occurred, when the CS was then presented alone, the behavior rapidly decreasedthe dogs salivated less and less to the sound, and eventually the sound did not elicit salivation at all.Extinction is the reduction in responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus. Although at the end of the first extinction period the CS was no longer producing salivation, the effects of conditioning had not entirely disappeared. Pavlov found that, after a pause, sounding the tone again elicited salivation, although to a lesser extent than before extinction took place. The increase in responding to the CS following a pause after extinction is known as spontaneous recovery.When Pavlov again presented the CS alone, the behavior again showed extinction. Although the behavior has disappeared, extinction is never complete. If conditioning is again essay, the animal will learn the new associations much faster than it did the first time. Pavlov also experimented with presenting new stimuli that were similar, but not identical to, the original conditioned stimulus. For instance, if the dog had been conditioned to being scratched before the food arrived, the stimulus would be changed to being rubbed rather than scratched.He found that the dogs also salivated upon experiencing the similar stimulus, a process known as generalization. Generalization refers to the tendency to respond to stimuli that resemble the original conditioned stimulus. The ability to reason out has important evolutionary significance. If we eat some red berries and they make us sick, it would be a good idea to think twice before we eat some purple berries. Althou gh the berries are not exactly the same, they nevertheless are similar and may have the same negative properties.Lewicki 1 conducted research that demonstrated the influence of stimulus generalization and how quickly and easily it can happen. In his experiment, high school students first had a brief interaction with a female experimenter who had poor hair and glasses. The study was set up so that the students had to ask the experimenter a question, and (according to random assignment) the experimenter responded either in a negative way or a neutral way toward the students. Then the students were told to go into a second room in which two experimenters were present, and to approach either one of them.However, the researchers arranged it so that one of the two experimenters looked a lot like the original experimenter, while the other one did not (she had longer hair and no glasses). The students were significantly more seeming to avoid the experimenter who looked like the earlier e xperimenter when that experimenter had been negative to them than when she had treated them more neutrally. The participants showed stimulus generalization such that the new, similar-looking experimenter created the same negative response in the participants as had the experimenter in the prior session.The flip side of generalization is discriminationthe tendency to respond differently to stimuli that are similar but not identical. Pavlovs dogs quickly learned, for example, to salivate when they heard the specific tone that had preceded food, but not upon hearing similar tones that had never been associated with food. Discrimination is also usefulif we do try the purple berries, and if they do not make us sick, we will be able to make the distinction in the future. And we can learn that although the two people in our class, Courtney and Sarah, may look a lot alike, they are nevertheless different people with different mortalalities.In some cases, an existing conditioned stimulus ca n serve as an unconditioned stimulus for a pairing with a new conditioned stimulusa process known as second-order conditioning. In one of Pavlovs studies, for instance, he first conditioned the dogs to salivate to a sound, and then repeatedly paired a new CS, a black square, with the sound. Eventually he found that the dogs would salivate at the sight of the black square alone, even though it had never been directly associated with the food.Secondary conditioners in everyday life involve our attractions to things that stand for or remind us of something else, such as when we feel good on a Friday because it has become associated with the paycheck that we receive on that day, which itself is a conditioned stimulus for the pleasures that the paycheck buys us. Module 13 /The Role of Nature in Classical Conditioning Scientists associated with the behaviorist school argued that all learning is driven by experience, and that nature plays no role.Classical conditioning, which is based on learning through experience, represents an example of the importance of the environment. But classical conditioning cannot be still entirely in terms of experience. Nature also plays a part, as our evolutionary history has make us better able to learn some associations than others. Clinical psychologists make use of classical conditioning to explain the learning of a phobiaa strong and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. For example, driving a car is a neutral event that would not normally elicit a fear response in most people.But if a person were to experience a panic attack in which he suddenly experienced strong negative emotions while driving, he may learn to associate driving with the panic response. The driving has become the CS that now creates the fear response. Psychologists have also discovered that people do not develop phobias to just anything. Although people may in some cases develop a driving phobia, they are more likely to develop phobias toward objects (such as snakes, spiders, heights, and open spaces) that have been dangerous to people in the past.In modern life, it is rare for humans to be bitten by spiders or snakes, to fall from trees or buildings, or to be attacked by a predator in an open area. Being injured while riding in a car or being cut by a knife are much more likely. But in our evolutionary past, the potential of being bitten by snakes or spiders, falling out of a tree, or being trapped in an open space were important evolutionary concerns, and therefore humans are still evolutionarily active to learn these associations over others. 1 2 Another evolutionarily important type of conditioning is conditioning related to food.In his important research on food conditioning, John Garcia and his colleagues 3 4 attempted to condition rats by presenting either a taste, a sight, or a sound as a neutral stimulus before the rats were given drugs (the US) that made them nauseous. Garcia discovered that taste cond itioning was extremely powerfulthe rat learned to avoid the taste associated with illness, even if the illness occurred several hours later. But conditioning the behavioral response of nausea to a sight or a sound was much more difficult.These entrusts contradicted the idea that conditioning occurs entirely as a result of environmental events, such that it would occur equally for any kind of unconditioned stimulus that followed any kind of conditioned stimulus. Rather, Garcias research showed that genetics mattersorganisms are evolutionarily prepared to learn some associations more easily than others. You can see that the ability to associate smells with illness is an important survival mechanism, allowing the organism to quickly learn to avoid foods that are poisonous.Classical conditioning has also been used to help explain the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), as in the case of P. K. Philips set forth at the beginning of this module. PTSD is a severe anxiety d isorder that can develop after exposure to a fearful event, such as the threat of death. 5 PTSD occurs when the individual develops a strong association between the situational factors that surrounded the traumatic event (e. g. , military uniforms or the sounds or smells of war) and the US (the fearful trauma itself).As a result of the conditioning, being exposed to, or even thinking about the situation in which the trauma occurred (the CS), becomes sufficient to produce the CR of severe anxiety. 6 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) A Case of Classical Conditioning Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) represents a case of classical conditioning to a severe trauma that does not easily become extinct. In this case the original fear response, experienced during combat, has become conditioned to a loud noise. When the person with PTSD hears a loud noise, he or she experiences a fear response despite being far from the site of the original trauma.From Flat World Knowledge, Introductio n to Psychology, v1. 0. Thinkstock. PTSD develops because the emotions experienced during the event have produced neural activity in the amygdala and created strong conditioned learning. In addition to the strong conditioning that people with PTSD experience, they also show slower extinction in classical conditioning tasks. 7 In short, people with PTSD have developed very strong associations with the events surrounding the trauma and are also slow to show extinction to the conditioned stimulus.